1 Background

The following analysis examined demographic differences in Casper score, focusing on the following variables:

  • Race
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Language spoken at home
  • Community size
  • Household income level
  • Highest Education
  • Highest Education of Parents
  • Work Experience
  • Employment before 18
  • Applicants to current program compared to applicants to other programs

[Subgroups with less than 5 applicants have been excluded from the following analysis]

2 Results

2.1 Cohort

Total
(N=136)
Race
Asian 3 (2.2%)
Black or African American 4 (2.9%)
Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin 6 (4.4%)
Mixed 2 (1.5%)
Not Answered 5 (3.7%)
White 116 (85.3%)
Gender
Female 129 (94.9%)
Male 6 (4.4%)
Non-binary 0 (0%)
Missing 1 (0.7%)
Age
Under 20 1 (0.7%)
20-22 76 (55.9%)
23-25 15 (11.0%)
26-28 21 (15.4%)
Over 28 9 (6.6%)
Missing 14 (10.3%)
Language Spoken at Home
English 127 (93.4%)
Not Answered 5 (3.7%)
Other 1 (0.7%)
Spanish 3 (2.2%)
Community Size
Rural 33 (24.3%)
Small town/city 48 (35.3%)
Medium town/city 15 (11.0%)
Large town/city 24 (17.6%)
Major urban center 5 (3.7%)
Missing 11 (8.1%)
Gross.Income
Less than $25,000 8 (5.9%)
$25,000 to $49,999 11 (8.1%)
$50,000 to $74,999 22 (16.2%)
$75,000 to $99,999 21 (15.4%)
$100,000 to $149,999 29 (21.3%)
$150,000 to $199,999 7 (5.1%)
$200,000 and above 9 (6.6%)
Missing 29 (21.3%)
Highest Education
None 0 (0%)
High school degree or equivalent (e.g. GED) 20 (14.7%)
Some college, no degree 31 (22.8%)
Associate degree (e.g. AA, AS) 22 (16.2%)
Bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA, BS) 57 (41.9%)
Master’s degree (e.g. MA, MS, MEd) 2 (1.5%)
Professional degree (e.g. MD, DDS, DVM) 0 (0%)
Doctorate (e.g. PhD, EdD) 0 (0%)
Missing 4 (2.9%)
Highest Education of Parents
None 0 (0%)
High school degree or equivalent (e.g. GED) 11 (8.1%)
Some college, no degree 15 (11.0%)
Associate degree (e.g. AA, AS) 16 (11.8%)
Bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA, BS) 47 (34.6%)
Master’s degree (e.g. MA, MS, MEd) 31 (22.8%)
Professional degree (e.g. MD, DDS, DVM) 1 (0.7%)
Doctorate (e.g. PhD, EdD) 6 (4.4%)
Missing 9 (6.6%)
Work Experience
NA 0 (0%)
None 2 (1.5%)
Under 1 year 3 (2.2%)
1-2 years 13 (9.6%)
3-5 years 60 (44.1%)
6-10 years 33 (24.3%)
11-15 years 10 (7.4%)
16-20 years 3 (2.2%)
Over 20 years 2 (1.5%)
Missing 10 (7.4%)
Employment.Before.18
No 32 (23.5%)
Over 20 hours/week 21 (15.4%)
Under 20 hours/week 79 (58.1%)
Missing 4 (2.9%)

2.2 Race

Survey question: How do you self-identify?

No overall difference in Casper score by race was found (F ( 2 , 124 ) = 1.93 , p= 1.49e-01 ).

Race Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin 6 -0.29 0.89 -0.80 0.22 1.03
Not Answered 5 -0.33 1.48 -0.08 0.50 0.58
White 116 0.23 0.85 -0.26 0.80 1.06

2.3 Gender

Survey question: What is your gender?

No overall difference in Casper score by gender was found (F ( 1 , 133 ) = 0.05 , p= 8.26e-01 ).

Gender Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
Female 129 0.15 0.89 -0.34 0.75 1.09
Male 6 0.24 1.01 -0.07 0.82 0.89

2.4 Age

No overall difference in Casper score by gender was found (F ( 3 , 117 ) = 1.7 , p= 1.70e-01 ).

Age Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
20-22 76 0.26 0.81 -0.21 0.83 1.03
23-25 15 0.18 1.04 -0.17 0.71 0.88
26-28 21 -0.09 0.83 -0.79 0.50 1.29
Over 28 9 -0.29 1.11 -1.24 0.60 1.84
NA 14 0.30 1.06 0.09 0.74 0.66

2.5 Language Spoken at Home

Survey question: What language do you speak most often at home?

An overall difference in Casper score by Language spoken at home was found (F ( 1 , 130 ) = 6.03 , p= 1.54e-02 , \(omega\) = 0.037 ).

Home.Language Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
English 127 0.22 0.84 -0.28 0.77 1.05
Not Answered 5 -0.75 1.39 -1.05 0.37 1.42
The table below shows significant subgroup differences:
Cohen’s d conf.low conf.high magnitude
English Not Answered 0.84 -0.08 2.07 large

2.6 Community size

Survey question: What is the size of the community in which you grew up?
Remote/isolated (population < 1,000)

Rural (population between 1,000 and 9,999)

Small town/city (population between 10,000 and 49,999)

Medium town/city (population between 50,000 and 99,999)

Large town/city (population between 100,000 and 1,000,000)

Major urban center (population > 1,000,000)

No difference in Casper score by community size was found (F ( 4 , 120 ) = 0.64 , p= 6.35e-01 ).

Community.Size Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
Rural 33 0.14 0.75 -0.19 0.59 0.78
Small town/city 48 0.34 0.91 -0.23 0.92 1.15
Medium town/city 15 0.17 0.72 -0.25 0.71 0.96
Large town/city 24 0.06 1.02 -0.39 0.47 0.86
Major urban center 5 -0.10 0.77 -0.55 0.38 0.93
NA 11 -0.23 1.10 -0.72 0.44 1.16

2.7 Household income level

Survey question: Regardless of dependency status, please indicate your parents’ combined gross income for last year (in USD, a rough estimate is sufficient)

There was no difference in Casper score by by household income (F ( 6 , 100 ) = 1.45 , p= 2.05e-01 ).

Gross.Income Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
Less than $25,000 8 0.11 1.35 -1.08 1.22 2.30
$25,000 to $49,999 11 -0.08 1.12 -0.86 0.40 1.25
$50,000 to $74,999 22 -0.01 0.70 -0.54 0.52 1.06
$75,000 to $99,999 21 0.17 0.80 -0.19 0.57 0.76
$100,000 to $149,999 29 0.48 0.83 -0.05 1.12 1.17
$150,000 to $199,999 7 0.67 0.47 0.38 0.93 0.55
$200,000 and above 9 -0.08 0.73 -0.31 0.60 0.91
NA 29 0.01 0.96 -0.61 0.60 1.21

2.8 Highest Education

Survey question: What is the highest degree or level of school that you have completed?

There was no difference in Casper score by education (F ( 3 , 126 ) = 1.4 , p= 2.46e-01 ).

Highest.Education.Self Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
High school degree or equivalent (e.g. GED) 20 0.46 0.83 0.01 0.94 0.92
Some college, no degree 31 0.28 0.54 -0.05 0.53 0.58
Associate degree (e.g. AA, AS) 22 -0.01 0.79 -0.64 0.59 1.23
Bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA, BS) 57 0.11 0.99 -0.76 0.82 1.58

2.9 Highest Education of Parents

Survey question: What is the highest degree or level of school either of your parents have completed?

There was no difference in Casper score by parents’ education (F ( 5 , 120 ) = 1.3 , p= 2.69e-01 ).

Highest.Education.Parents Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
High school degree or equivalent (e.g. GED) 11 0.34 0.88 -0.26 0.81 1.08
Some college, no degree 15 -0.23 0.94 -0.82 0.38 1.20
Associate degree (e.g. AA, AS) 16 0.38 0.90 -0.21 0.77 0.98
Bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA, BS) 47 0.18 0.85 -0.19 0.74 0.92
Master’s degree (e.g. MA, MS, MEd) 31 0.26 0.76 -0.08 0.80 0.88
Doctorate (e.g. PhD, EdD) 6 0.63 0.80 0.44 1.06 0.62
NA 9 -0.43 1.15 -1.05 0.37 1.42

2.10 Work Experience

Survey question: How many years of work experience do you have?

No overall difference in Casper score by Work Experience was found (F ( 3 , 112 ) = 0.43 , p= 7.33e-01 ).

Work.Experience Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
1-2 years 13 0.46 0.73 -0.05 0.92 0.97
3-5 years 60 0.21 0.86 -0.26 0.83 1.09
6-10 years 33 0.28 0.84 -0.05 0.64 0.69
11-15 years 10 0.09 0.98 -0.34 0.58 0.92
NA 10 -0.73 0.98 -1.05 -0.21 0.84

2.11 Employment before 18

Survey question: Were you employed before the age of 18?

No overall difference in Casper score by employment before 18 was found (F ( 2 , 129 ) = 1.3 , p= 2.77e-01 ).

Employment.Before.18 Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
No 32 0.09 0.79 -0.32 0.76 1.08
Over 20 hours/week 21 0.45 0.92 -0.15 1.19 1.34
Under 20 hours/week 79 0.16 0.85 -0.52 0.66 1.18

2.12 Program applicants compared to applicants who applied elsewhere

An overall difference in Casper score was found between applicants who applied to the current program and applicants who applied elsewhere (t ( 135.35 ) = -2.1 , p= 3.77e-02 , cohen’s d = 0.16 ).

Applied.to.Program Count Mean St. Deviation 25% percentile 75% percentile IQR
No 132635 0.00 1.00 -0.67 0.69 1.36
Yes 136 0.16 0.89 -0.34 0.75 1.09

3 Notes

Unless otherwise indicated, statistical testing for demographics with two subgroups was conducted using t-tests and for demographics with more than two subgroups with an analysis of variance with subgroup differences examined using Bonferroni-corrected pairwise t-tests. Alpha level was set at 0.05.

Note on reading the boxplots: boxplots are a standardized and useful way of displaying how data points are distributed. The end of the left line on a boxplot indicates the minimum or lowest datapoint. The left edge of the box indicates the 25th percentile, the middle line of a plot (where the box is thinnest) represents the median value and the right edge of the box indicates the 75th percentile. The end of the line to the right of the box indicates the maximum or highest datapoint in that group. The span of the box indicates the area where 50% of samples lie. The notches around the midline (median) of a box indicate the confidence interval around the median and is roughly used to compare the medians of two boxes. When the notches of two boxes do not overlap, it is usually used as a quick visual estimate for the existence of a difference between datapoints in the two boxes.